Publications

Social Platforms and the Spread of Misinformation

Published in Routledge Handbook of Political Campaigning, 2024

The Routledge Handbook of Political Campaigning provides an essential, global, and timely overview of current realities, as well as anticipating the trajectory and evolution of campaigning in the coming years. This chapter gives an overview of roles that social media platforms can play in contemporary political campaigns, especially in the context of disinformation but some historical precedents.

Recommended citation: R Larsen and V Belair-Gagnon. (2024) "Social Platforms and the Spread of Misinformation" in Lilleker, D.(ed) The Routledge Handbook of Political Campaigning https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-Political-Campaigning/Lilleker-Jackson-Kalsnes-Mellado-Trevisan-Veneti/p/book/9781032356716?srsltid=AfmBOopthd3iEjhihtFY_q5Ho0yQTlOv3P5LQ38ptaoX1_og1_P2LAB-

What Is the Problem with Misinformation? Fact-checking as a Sociotechnical and Problem-Solving Practice

Published in Journalism Studies, 2024

Misinformation is a complex and global problem of social and technical dimensions. It is a problem that is exacerbated and sought to be solved by using diverse technologies. It is also a problem that flourishes on platforms and can lead to partnerships with platform companies. These sociotechnical dimensions of misinformation as a problem involve different actors. Some actors create or contribute to the problem, while others perceive it as their problem to solve and work to address it. Identifying the problem of misinformation is at the heart of the issue of problem-solving in fact-checking, as different actors have interests in how problems are discursively presented. This article draws on an international interview study conducted throughout 2020–2022 with 46 fact-checking actors (21 fact-checkers, 14 journalists, and 11 newsroom managers). This article analyzes how these actors reflect on “misinformation problems,” and how these problems become “fact-checking problems” for the actors to work with and solve. Ultimately, the article argues that fact-checking must be approached as a sociotechnical and problem-solving-oriented practice. Doing so highlights specific obstacles in information distribution and platform affordances.

Recommended citation: O Westlund, V Bélair-Gagnon, L Graves, R Larsen, S Steensen. (2024) "What Is the Problem with Misinformation? Fact-checking as a Sociotechnical and Problem-Solving Practice". Journalism Studies. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2024.2357316

From Public Reason to Public Health: Professional Implications of the “Debunking Turn” in the Global Fact-Checking Field

Published in Digital Journalism, 2023

This article examines the dramatic shift in the global field of fact-checking organizations since 2016, from checking claims by politicians and other public figures to policing viral misinformation on social networks. What practitioners call “debunking,” once a minor focus, now dominates the agenda of leading outlets and accounts for the bulk of fact-checks produced worldwide, driven in part by commercial partnerships between fact-checkers and platform companies. This study investigates what this sudden realignment means for fact-checkers themselves, drawing on interviews and meta-journalistic discourse to examine the impact on how these organizations assign value and draw boundaries in their growing transnational field. We highlight different discursive strategies fact-checkers use to explain the debunking turn, depending on their own field position, and show how shifting boundaries reflect wider concerns about autonomy from platform partners. We suggest that debunking discourse illustrates an incipient shift away from the “public reason” model implicit in journalism’s professional logic, to a more instrumental, “public health” model of newswork adapted to a digital media environment dominated by platform companies.

Recommended citation: L Graves, V Bélair-Gagnon, R Larsen. (2023) "From Public Reason to Public Health: Professional Implications of the “Debunking Turn” in the Global Fact-Checking Field". Digital Journalism. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2023.2218454

Knowledge Work in Platform Fact-Checking Partnerships

Published in International Journal of Communication, 2023

This article explores how platforms, news publishers, and fact-checkers describe the trade-offs they make in partnerships to counter misinformation. Using 54 interviews with these actors active in the global fact-checking field, it shows that resources and news values constitute key aspects of these partnerships. They contribute to knowledge shaping of what it means to fight misinformation (e.g., focusing on debunking, resource-allocation inequalities), and what types of misinformation matter for the public. This study highlights two kinds of problems in the growing anti-misinformation field, namely, coordination (technical, as to how to integrate different efforts by multiple actors) and cooperation (different organizations have different goals).

Recommended citation: V Bélair-Gagnon, R Larsen, L Graves, O Westlund. (2023) "Knowledge Work in Platform Fact-Checking Partnerships". International Journal of Communication. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19851

Technologies and fact-checking: a sociotechnical mapping and assessment

Published in Chapter in Disinformation Studies: Perspectives in an emerging research field, 2022

This chapter assesses and analyzes the sociotechnical infrastructures available to and potentially used in fact-checking, in the form of digital technologies associated with fact-checking. The chapter presents findings from an international and systematic assessment of digital technologies associated with fact-checking. For this assessment, we collected data from primary and secondary sources between fall 2020 and spring 2022. This assessment is guided by a sociotechnical framework that enables analysis of the interrelationships between humans and technology.

Recommended citation: Westlund, Oscar, Larsen, R., L. Graves, L. Kavtaradze. (2022) “Technologies and fact-checking: a sociotechnical mapping and assessment”. Chapter in Disinformation Studies: Perspectives in an emerging research field. LabCom Books. https://labcomca.ubi.pt/en/disinformation-studies-perspectives-from-an-emerging-field/

‘Information Pressures’ and the Facebook Files: Navigating Questions around Leaked Platform Data

Published in Digital Journalism, 2022

Recently leaked Facebook data included material from the platform’s internal social science research units. Given its character—and the likelihood of future whistleblowing—this case presents an opportunity for reflection on current and future academic engagement with leaked data. This contribution is grounded in the experiences of some members of a small, international team of journalism scholars, after being offered access to the leaked data by a media organization. It also describes other academic-involved initiatives—their similarities, differences, and efforts—working toward expanded access to and/or usage of this data.

Recommended citation: Rebekah Larsen (2022) ‘Information Pressures’ and the Facebook Files: Navigating Questions around Leaked Platform Data, Digital Journalism, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2022.2087099. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21670811.2022.2087099

Mapping Right to be Forgotten frames: Reflexivity and empirical payoffs at the intersection of network discourse and mixed network methods

Published in New Media and Society, 2020

Using mixed methods—hyperlink network mapping, textual analysis (qualitative and quantitative), and semi-structured interviews—I examine online framing of a controversial data protection concept, the Right to be Forgotten. Initial, more “traditional” research approaches allowed for insight only into the most central and visible frames and sources. In an attempt to diversify sources and framings, I began focusing on the margins and off the “networked public sphere.” This article thus also recounts the significant empirical findings that resulted from such reflexivity and reorientation.

Recommended citation: Larsen, Rebekah. (2020). "Mapping Right to be Forgotten frames: Reflexivity and empirical payoffs at the intersection of network discourse and mixed network methods" New Media and Society. 22(7). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1461444820912534

The Digital Information Verification Field

Published in The Whistle, 2015

This report is the result of The Whistle team’s review of the current digital information verification field. We examined the actors, their aims, and their processes in order to identify best practices, find potential partners in the field, and determine if there were any gaps The Whistle could fill.

Recommended citation: Larsen, Rebekah. (2015). "The Digital Information Verification Field." The Whistle. 1(2). http://ral73.github.io/files/the-whistle-field-report.pdf

Study on Personal Data Stores

Published in European Commission, DG Connect, 2015

DG Connect commissioned this research and ensuing report to evaluate whether the concept of personal data stores is a viable mechanism to increase consumer trust and engagement in the Digital Single Market and to ensure wider access to good quality personal data.

Recommended citation: Brochot, Brunini, Eisma, Larsen, and Lewis. (2015). "Study of Personal Data Stores." European Commission, DG Connect.